When the actress responded to a toy with fear, the babies avoided playing with it and were more likely to appear worried, frown, scowl or cry. When the actress was enthusiastic, the infants were more apt to play with the toy.
The study, which appears today in the journal Child Development, adds to the increasing evidence that children can distinguish and decode specific social and emotional cues much earlier than scientists once thought.
Intense displays of emotion have effects on even the youngest infant, said Dr. Joseph Campos, a professor of psychology at the University of California at Berkeley, who was familiar with the study. But until the baby is able to figure out what the emotions are about, Dr. Campos said, "they don't know if the mother is yelling at them or at their sibling or at the dog or at the mailman."
The new study, he added, documents "that by 12 months, babies have the capacity to know to whom or about what a person is emoting."
He called the finding "a very important contribution."
Dr. Mumme and other researchers said that parents sometimes assumed that their very young children were oblivious to television programs, but that the study's findings suggested otherwise.
"The impact of television is often underestimated," said Dr. Linda Camras, a professor of psychology at DePaul University.
But, she added, "I wouldn't be concerned that your infant will be polluted by watching Jenny Jones over your shoulder."
Similarly, Dr. Anne Fernald, a professor of psychology at Stanford and the second author of the study, said she doubted whether infants would be much affected by adult programs that presented information "at a level of complexity that is beyond the child."
The videos in the study, Dr. Fernald said, were "slow and deliberate and timed in a way that babies could follow."
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