I'm a lot more worried about the real agreements between our nation's leaders including the SPP and the pending EU agreement than I am about water vapor and ice crystals, or the internet hoaxes that try to spread paranoia about them. Sorry, Milton.
If it was water vapor and ice crystals that would be just fine with me. I am concerned about people who don't perform due diligence in regard to what is happening around them, sorry Susan. I have flown through layers of aerosol spray hundreds of miles long and ten thousand or more feet thick at altitudes between 36 to 25 thousand feet, which, as you obviously know, is higher than clouds of any type form at.
If you can't breath, elections and other agreements don't really matter much now do they?
Consider this You have to go to the forum to be able to see the video, I don't know why, I guess it is some type of software deficiency.
I do try to be patient with those who don't look up and actually see what is happening over their heads but it is difficult. It is obvious to anyone who is aware at all of their environment that those ugly things are NOT contrails and are indeed something else entirely.
I have had persistent respiratory problems for 2 years, in spite of being in good health. So many more than ever before have asthma and other problems that are attributed to "allergies."
I empathize with you arikara, respiratory infections are running rampant. It is hard to draw peoples attention to chemtrails. They don't want to see what is going on, they are comfortable wearing blinders.
What's ironic Sue is that both issues are real. You can't pick and choose what is and isn't and decide to 'believe it isn't real'. You've run into people who deny SPP/NAU and said it isn't real, right? Chemtrail spraying is very real. For me, both issues are of grave concern. I believe what I know about both issues by having researched them, obtained FOIA documents, conducted interviews and so on. If you have some info that proves otherwise, please bring it forward, and we'll all be able to move on with our lives.
"Chris Harder" said If you have some info that proves otherwise, please bring it forward, and we'll all be able to move on with our lives.
One cannot prove a negative. Show me conclusive proof that `chemtrails` exist first.
Start with how these chemicals get into jet aircraft fuel, and how the turbines don`t choke when dispersing these chemicals. Once you realize it`s impossible, you can get on with your life.
They don't get into jet aircraft fuel, they don't go through the engines. Do some investigation with a telescope or pair of binoculars, then you will have your answer. They spray almost everyday. Look at the sky a couple of times a day if you can see it from the concrete jungle.
comes with: a link to a flight tracking site so that you can tell whether the flight is commercial or not, a link to the NWS (National Weather Service) Upper Air Sounding Data so you can tell the temp at various altitudes, a link to the NOAA Aviation Weather Icing site so you can rule out Clear Air Ice Saturation phenomena. It also explains the whys and wherefores thereof.
Sue, BC is getting hammered today like it's going out of style. If the sky is clear over your head take a look from time to time and you'll observe the spraying.
Every day is a day off from 'spraying', as there is no such thing. What a coincidence that there is 'no spraying' today over Edmonton, and we have an arctic high dominating the weather (28% RH).
Sue, BC is getting hammered today like it's going out of style. If the sky is clear over your head take a look from time to time and you'll observe the spraying.
Tell me, where are the spray nozzles on this fighter?
United States Patent 3899144 Abstract: Light scattering pigment powder particles, surface treated to minimize inparticle cohesive forces, are dispensed from a jet mill deagglomerator as separate single particles to produce a powder contrail having maximum visibility or radiation scattering ability for a given weight material. Inventors: Werle, Donald K. (Hillside, IL) Kasparas, Romas (Riverside, IL) Katz, Sidney (Chicago, IL) Application Number: 05/490610 Publication Date: 08/12/1975 Filing Date: 07/22/1974 View Patent Images: 3899144 pdf PDF help Referenced by: View patents that cite this patent Export Citation: Click for automatic bibliography generation Assignee: The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Navy (Washington, DC) Primary Class: 244/136 Other Classes: 241/5, 116/214, 40/213 International Classes: B64D1/16; B64D1/00; B64D1/16 Field of Search: 244/136 40/213 241/5,29 222/3,4 239/171 116/28R,114R,114F,114N,124R,124B,124C US Patent References: 1619183 Process of producing smoke clouds from moving aircraft March 1927 Bradner et al. 2045865 Skywriting apparatus June 1936 Morey 2591988 Production of tio2 pigments April 1952 Willcox 3531310 PRODUCTION OF IMPROVED METAL OXIDE PIGMENT September 1970 Goodspeed et al. Primary Examiner: Blix, Trygve M. Assistant Examiner: Kelmachter, Barry L. Attorney, Agent or Firm: Sciascia St., Richard Amand Joseph S. M. Claims: What is claim is
1. Contrail generation apparatus for producing a powder contrail having maximum radiation scattering ability for a given weight material, comprising:
2. Apparatus as in claim 1 wherein said jet tube means is a ram air jet tube.
3. Apparatus as in claim 1 wherein an upstream deflector baffle is provided at the output of said deagglomeration means into said jet tube means to produce a venturi effect for minimizing back pressure on said powder feeding means.
4. Apparatus as in claim 1 wherein said deagglomerator means comprises:
5. Apparatus as in claim 4 wherein pressurized gas means is provided for operating said deagglomeration means.
6. Apparatus as in claim 1 wherein said radiation scattering powder particles are titanium dioxide pigment having a median particle size of about 0.3 microns.
7. Apparatus as in claim 1 wherein said radiation scattering powder particles have a coating of extremely fine hydrophobic colloidal silica thereon to minimize interparticle cohesive forces.
8. Apparatus as in claim 1 wherein the formulation of said powder consists of 85% by weight of TiO2 pigment of approximately 0.3 micron media particle size, 10% by weight of colloidal silica of 0.007 micron primary particle size, and 5% by weight of silica gel having an average particle size of 4.5 microns.
9. The method of producing a light radiation scattering contrail, comprising:
10. A method as in claim 9 wherein said light scattering powder particles is titanium dioxide pigment.
11. A method as in claim 9 wherein said powder particles are treated with a coating of extremely fine hydrophobic colloidal silica to minimize interparticle cohesive forces.
12. A method as in claim 11 wherein said treated powder particles are further protected with a silica gel powder.
Description: BACKGROUND
The present invention relates to method and apparatus for contrail generation and the like.
An earlier known method in use for contrail generation involves oil smoke trails produced by injecting liquid oil directly into the hot jet exhaust of an aircraft target vehicle. The oil vaporizes and recondenses being the aircraft producing a brilliant white trail. Oil smoke trail production requires a minimum of equipment; and, the material is low in cost and readily available. However, oil smoke requires a heat source to vaporize the liquid oil and not all aircraft target vehicles, notably towed targets, have such a heat source. Also, at altitudes above about 25,000 feet oil smoke visibility degrades rapidly.
SUMMARY
The present invention is for a powder generator requiring no heat source to emit a "contrail" with sufficient visibility to aid in visual acquisition of an aircraft target vehicle and the like. The term "contrail" was adopted for convenience in identifying the visible powder trail of this invention. Aircraft target vehicles are used to simulate aerial threats for missile tests and often fly at altitudes between 5,000 and 20,000 feet at speeds of 300 and 400 knots or more. The present invention is also suitable for use in other aircraft vehicles to generate contrails or reflective screens for any desired purpose.
The powder contail generator is normally carried on an aircraft in a pod containing a ram air tube and powder feed hopper. Powder particles, surface treated to minimize interparticle cohesive forces are fed from the hopper to a deagglomerator and then to the ram air tube for dispensing as separate single particles to produce a contrail having maximum visibility for a given weight material.
Other object, advantages and novel features of the invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of the invention when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawing.
DESCRIPTION OF DRAWING
FIG. 1 is a schematic sectional side-view of a powder contrail generator of the present invention.
DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
The powder contail generator in pod 10, shown in FIG. 1, is provided with a powder feed hopper 12 positioned in the center section of the pod and which feeds a powder 13 to a deagglomerator 14 by means of screw conveyors 16 across the bottom of the hopper. The deagglomerator 14 produces two stages of action. In the first stage of deagglomeration, a shaft 18 having projecting radial rods 19 in compartment 20 is rotated by an air motor 21, or other suitable drive means. The shaft 18 is rotated at about 10,000 rpm, for example. As powder 13 descends through the first stage compartment 20 of the deagglomeration chamber, the hammering action of rotating rods 19 serves to aerate and precondition the powder before the second stage of deagglomeration takes place in the jet mill section 22. In the jet mill 22, a plurality of radial jets 24 (e.g., six 0.050 inch diamter radial jets) direct nitrogen gas (at e.g., 120 psig) inward to provide energy for further deagglomeration of the powder. The N 2 , or other suitable gas, is provided from storage tanks 25 and 26, for example, in the pod.
The jet mill 22 operates in a similar manner to commercial fluid energy mills except that there is no provision for recirculation of oversize particles. Tests with the deagglomerator show that at a feed rate of approximately 11/2 lb/min, treated titanium dioxide powder pigment is effectively dispersed as single particles with very few agglomerates evident.
The nitrogen gas stored in cylinder tanks 25 and 26 is charged to 1800 psig, for example. Two stages of pressure reduction, for example, by pressure reduction valves 28 and 29, bring the final delivery pressure at the radial jets 24 and to the air motor 21 to approximately 120 psig. A solenoid valve 30 on the 120 psig line is connected in parallel with the electric motor 32 which operates the powder feeder screws 16 for simultaneous starting and running of the powder feed, the air motor and the jet mill deagglomerator.
Air enters ram air tube 34 at its entrance 35 and the exhaust from the jet mill deagglomerator passes directly into the ram air tube. At the deagglomerator exhaust 36 into ram air tube 34, an upstream deflector baffle 38 produces a venturi effect which minimizes back pressure on the powder feed system. The powder is then jetted from the exhaust end 40 of the ram air tube to produce a contrail. A pressure equalization tube, not shown, can be used to connect the top of the closed hopper 12 to the deagglomeration chamber 14. A butterfly valve could be provided at the powder hopper outlet 39 to completely isolate and seal off the powder supply when not in use. Powder 13 could then be stored in hopper 12 for several weeks, without danger of picking up excessive moisture, and still be adequately dispensed.
Preparation of the light scatter powder 13 is of a critical importance to production of a powder "contrail" having maximum visibility for a given weight of material. It is essential that the pigment powder particles be dispensed as separate single particles rather than as agglomerates of two or more particles. The powder treatment produces the most easily dispersed powder through the use of surface treatments which minimize interparticle cohesive forces.
Titanium dioxide pigment was selected as the primary light scattering material because of its highly efficient light scattering ability and commercially available pigment grades. Titanium dioxide pigment (e.g., DuPont R--931) with a median particle size of about 0.3? has a high bulk density and is not readily aerosolizable as a submicron cloud without the consumption of a large amount of deagglomeration energy. In order to reduce the energy requirement for deagglomeration, the TiO 2 powder is specially treated with a hydrophobic colloidal silica which coats and separates the individual TiO 2 pigment particles. The extremely fine particulate nature (0.007? primary particle size) of Cobot S--101 Silanox grade, for example, of colloidal silica minimizes the amount needed to coat and separate the TiO 2 particles, and the hydrophobic surface minimizes the affinity of the powder for absorbtion of moisture from the atmosphere. Adsorbed moisture in powders causes liquid bridges at interparticle contacts and it then becomes necessary to overcome the adsorbed-liquid surface tension forces as well as the weaker Van der Waals' forces before the particles can be separated.
The Silanox treated titanium dioxide pigment is further protected from the deleterious effects of adsorbed moisture by incorporation of silica gel. The silica gel preferentially adsorbs water vapor that the powder may be exposed to after drying and before use. The silica gel used is a powder product, such as Syloid 65 from the W. R Grace and Co., Davison Chemical Division, and has an average particle size about 4.5? and a large capacity for moisture at low humidities.
A typical powder composition used is shown in Table 1. This formulation was blended intimately with a Patterson-Kelley Co. twin shell dry LB-model LB--2161 with intensifier. Batches of 1500 g were blended for 15 min. each and packaged in 5-lb cans. The bulk density of the blended powder is 0.22 g/cc. Since deagglomeration is facilitated by having the powder bone dry, the powder should be predried before sealing the cans. In view of long periods (e.g., about 4 months) between powder preparation and use it is found preferable to spread the powder in a thin layer in an open container and place in a 400°F over two days before planned usage. The powder is removed and placed in the hopper about 2 hours before use.
Table 1 ______________________________________ CONTRAIL POWDER FORMULATION Ingredient % by Weight ______________________________________ TiO 2 (e.g., DuPont R-931) 85 median particle size 0.3? Colloidal Silica (e.g., Cabot S-101 Silanox) 10 primary particle size 0.007? Silica gel (e.g., Syloid 65) 5 average particle size 4.5? ______________________________________
Other type powder compositions can also be used with the apparatus described herein. For example, various powder particles which reflect electromagnetic radiation can be dispensed as a chaff or the like from the contrail generator.
Obviously many modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in the light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described.
Looks like I was wrong about not doing the mixing in the engines, thanks for making me look harder Doc.This patent is from 1991
Title: Stratospheric Welsbach seeding for reduction of global warming Document Type and Number: United States Patent 5003186 Abstract: A method is described for reducing atmospheric or global warming resulting from the presence of heat-trapping gases in the atmosphere, i.e., from the greenhouse effect. Such gases are relatively transparent to sunshine, but absorb strongly the long-wavelength infrared radiation released by the earth. The method incudes the step of seeding the layer of heat-trapping gases in the atmosphere with particles of materials characterized by wavelength-dependent emissivity. Such materials include Welsbach materials and the oxides of metals which have high emissivity (and thus low reflectivities) in the visible and 8-12 micron infrared wavelength regions. Inventors: Chang, David B. (Tustin, CA) Shih, I-fu (Los Alamitos, CA) Application Number: 07/513145 Publication Date: 03/26/1991 Filing Date: 04/23/1990 View Patent Images: 5003186 pdf PDF help Referenced by: View patents that cite this patent Export Citation: Click for automatic bibliography generation Assignee: Hughes Aircraft Company (Los Angeles, CA) Primary Class: 250/505.100 Other Classes: 244/158.100, 250/504R, 250/503.100 International Classes: A01G15/00; G21K1/00 Field of Search: 250/505.1, 250/504R, 250/503.1, 250/493.1, 244/136, 244/158R US Patent References: 3222675 Means for positioning a plurality of elements in orbit about a celestial body December, 1965 Schwartz 244/158 4755673 Selective thermal radiators July, 1988 Pollack et al. 250/330 Primary Examiner: Berman, Jack I. Attorney, Agent or Firm: Sales, Michael W. Denson-low, Wanda Claims: What is claimed is:
1. A method of reducing atmospheric warming due to the greenhouse effect resulting from a layer of gases in the atmosphere which absorb strongly near infrared wavelength radiation, comprising the step of dispersing tiny particles of a material within the gases' layer, the particle material characterized by wavelength-dependent emissivity or reflectivity, in that said material has high emissivities with respect to radiation in the visible and far infrared wavelength spectra, and low emissivity in the near infrared wavelength spectrum, whereby said tiny particles provide a means for converting infrared heat energy into far infrared radiation which is radiated into space.
2. The method of claim wherein said material comprises one or more of the oxides of metals.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein said material comprises aluminum oxide.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein said material comprises thorium oxide.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein said particles are dispersed by seeding the stratosphere with a quantity of said particles at altitudes in the range of seven to thirteen kilometers above the earth's surface.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein the size of said particles is in the range of ten to one hundred microns.
7. The method of claim wherein said material comprises a refractory material.
8. The method of claim 1 wherein said material is a Welsbach material.
9. The method of claim 1 wherein the number of said dispersed particles per unit area in the particle layer is greater than or equal to 1/?abs 1, where 1 is the thickness of the particle layer and ?abs is the absorption coefficient of the particles at the far infrared wavelengths.
10. A method for reducing atmospheric warming due to the greenhouse effect resulting from a greenhouse gases layer, comprising the following step:
seeding the greenhouse gases' layer with a quantity of tiny particles of a material characterized by wavelength-dependent emissivity or reflectivity, in that said materials have high emissivities in the visible and far infrared wavelength spectra and low emissivity in the near infrared wavelength spectrum,
whereby said particles are suspended within said gases' layer and provide a means for converting radiative energy at near infrared wavelengths into radiation at the far infrared wavelengths, permitting some of the converted radiation to escape into space.
11. The method of claim 10 wherein said material comprises one or more of the oxides of metals.
12. The method of claim 10 wherein said material comprises aluminum oxide.
13. The method of claim 10 wherein said material is thorium oxide.
14. The method of claim 10 wherein said seeding is performed at altitudes in the range of seven to thirteen kilometers above the earth's surface.
15. The method of claim 10 wherein said material comprises a refractory material.
16. The method of claim 10 wherein said particle size is in range of ten to one hundred microns.
17. The method of claim 10 wherein said material is a Welsbach material.
18. The method of claim 10 wherein the number of said dispersed particles per unit area in the particle layer is greater than or equal to 1/?abs 1, where 1 is the thickness of the particle layer and ?abs is the absorption coefficient of the particles at the far infrared wavelengths.
Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to a method for the reduction of global warming resulting from the greenhouse effect, and in particular to a method which involves the seeding of the earth's stratosphere with Welsbach-like materials.
Global warming has been a great concern of many environmental scientists. Scientists believe that the greenhouse effect is responsible for global warming. Greatly increased amounts of heat-trapping gases have been generated since the Industrial Revolution. These gases, such as CO 2 , CFC, and methane, accumulate in the atmosphere and allow sunlight to stream in freely but block heat from escaping (greenhouse effect). These gases are relatively transparent to sunshine but absorb strongly the long-wavelength infrared radiation released by the earth.
Most current approaches to reduce global warming are to restrict the release of various greenhouse gases, such as CO 2 , CFC, and methane. These imply the need to establish new regulations and the need to monitor various gases and to enforce the regulations.
One proposed solution to the problem of global warming involves the seeding of the atmosphere with metallic particles. One technique proposed to seed the metallic particles was to add the tiny particles to the fuel of jet airliners, so that the particles would be emitted from the jet engine exhaust while the airliner was at its cruising altitude. While this method would increase the reflection of visible light incident from space, the metallic particles would trap the long wavelength blackbody radiation released from the earth. This could result in net increase in global warming.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a method for reduction of global warming due to the greenhouse effect which permits heat to escape through the atmosphere.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
A method is disclosed for reducing atmospheric warming due to the greenhouse effect resulting from a greenhouse gases layer. The method comprises the step of seeding the greenhouse gas layer with a quantity of tiny particles of materials characterized by wavelength-dependent emissivity or reflectivity, in that said materials have high emissivities in the visible and far infrared wavelength regions and low emissivity in the near infrared wavelength region. Such materials can include the class of materials known as Welsbach materials. The oxides of metal, e.g., aluminum oxide, are also suitable for the purpose. The greenhouse gases layer typically extends between about seven and thirteen kilometers above the earth's surface. The seeding of the stratosphere occurs within this layer. The particles suspended in the stratosphere as a result of the seeding provide a mechanism for converting the blackbody radiation emitted by the earth at near infrared wavelengths into radiation in the visible and far infrared wavelength so that this heat energy may be reradiated out into space, thereby reducing the global warming due to the greenhouse effect.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
These and other features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description of an exemplary embodiment thereof, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 illustrates a model for the heat trapping phenomenon, i.e., the greenhouse effect.
FIG. 2 is a graph illustrating the intensity of sunlight incident on earth and of the earth's blackbody radiation as a function of wavelength.
FIG. 3 is a graph illustrating an ideal emissivity versus wavelength function for the desired particle material.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
FIG. 1 shows a model for the heat-trapping (greenhouse effect) phenomenon. It is assumed that the greenhouse gases are concentrated at altitudes between y=0 (at some altitude Y 1 , above the earth's surface) and y=1. Regardless of the sunshine reflected back into space, i 1 and i 2 denote the shortwavelength sunlight energies that are absorbed by the earth's surface and the greenhouse gases, respectively. Available data shows that i 1 =0.45 i sol and i 2 =0.25 i sol , where i sol is the total flux from the sun. The short wavelength sunlight heats up the greenhouse gases and the earth surface, and this energy is eventually reradiated out in the long wavelength infrared region.
FIG. 2 is a graph illustrating the intensity of sunlight and the earth's blackbody radiation as a function of wavelength. As illustrated, some 30% of the sunlight energy is in the near infrared region. The earth's blackbody radiation, on the other hand, is at the far infrared wavelength.
Referring again to FIG. 1, I s , I + , I - , I g and I e represent the fluxes in the infrared wavelength region, where I s and I g are the fluxes reradiated by the greenhouse gases toward the sky and ground, respectively; I e is the flux reradiated by the earth; and I + and I - are fluxes within the gases radiating toward the space and ground, respectively. I + and I - are functions of y, e.g., I + (0) is the I + flux at y=0. Considering the principles of energy conservation and continuity at boundaries, the following relationships are obtained: I s =i 1 +i 2 (1) I s =I + (1)(1-R l ) (2) I - (1)=I + (1)R l (3) I + (0)=I - (0)R o +I e (1-R o ) (4) I g =I - (0)(1-R o )+I e R o (5) I e =I BB (T e )(1-R)+I g R (6) I e =i 1 +I g (7)
where R o , R l and R are the reflectivities at the y=0 and y=1 boundaries and at the earth's surface. I BB (T e ) is the blackbody radiation flux at the earth's temperature T e . Within the greenhouse gases' layer, the energy equations are (dI + /dy)=I BB (T g )-?I + (8) -(dI - /dy)=I BB (T g )-?I - (9)
where I BB (T g ) is the blackbody radiation flux at the greenhouse gases' temperature T g , and ? is the absorption coefficient of the gases. The solutions of equations 8 and 9 are given by equations 10 and 11: I + (y)=(I BB /?)+Ce ?y (10) I - (y)=(I BB /?)+De + ?y (11)
To illustrate the effects of R o and R l on the green-house effect, the extreme case is considered wherein a high concentration of greenhouse gases has strong absorption in the infrared region; that is, for y=1, e - ?l approaches 0. Then, using Equations 3 and 4, the relationships of Equations 12 and 13 are obtained. C=(I e -(I BB /?))(1-R o ) (12) D=0
From Equations 5 and 7, I e =i 1 +I - (0)(1-R o )+I e R o ,
or I e =(i 1 /(1-R o ))+(I BB /?). (14)
From Equations 2 and 1, I s =(I BB /?)(1-R l )=i 1 +i 2 ,
or (I BB /?)=(i 1 +i 2 )/(1-R l ). (15)
Combining Equations 14 and 15, the relationship of Equation 16 is obtained. I e =i 1 /(1-R o )+(i 1 +i 2 )/(1-R l )(16)
Finally, Equation 6 gives the blackbody radiation from the earth's surface in terms of i 1 and i 2 and the three reflectivities: I e =I BB (T e )(1-R)+(I e -i 1 )R I BB (T e )=I e +(R/(1-R))i 1
or I BB (T e )=i 1 /(1-R o )+(i 1 +i 2 )/(1-R l )+(R/(1-R))i 1 (17)
To achieve a lower temperature of the earth, (considering i 1 , i 2 and R as constants), it is desirable to make R and R l as small as possible.
Known refractory materials have a thermal emissivity function which is strongly wavelength dependent. For example, the materials may have high emissivity (and absorption) at the far infrared wavelengths, high emissivity in the visible wavelength range, and very low emissivity at intermediate wavelengths. If a material having those emissivity characteristics and a black body are exposed to IR energy of equal intensity, the selective thermal radiator will emit visible radiation with higher efficiency (if radiation cooling predominates), i.e., the selective thermal radiator will appear brighter than the black body. This effect is known as the Welsbach effect and is extensively used in commercial gas lantern mantles.
Welsbach materials have the characteristic of wavelength-dependent emissivity (or reflectivity). For example, thorium oxide (ThO 2 ) has high emissivities in the visible and far IR regions but it has low emissivity in the near IR region. So, in accordance with the invention, the layer of greenhouse gases is seeded with Welsbach or Welsbach-like materials which have high emissivities (and thus low reflectivities) in the visible and 8-12 micrometer infrared regions, which has the effect of reducing R o and R l while introducing no effect in the visible range.
A desired material for the stratospheric seeding has a reflection coefficient close to unity for near IR radiation, and a reflection coefficient close to zero (or emissity close to unity) for far IR radiation. FIG. 3 is a graph illustrating an ideal emissivity versus wavelength function for the desired material. Another class of materials having the desired property includes the oxides of metals. For example, aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ) is one metal oxide suitable for the purpose and which is relatively inexpensive.
It is presently believed that particle sizes in the ten to one hundred micron range would be suitable for the seeding purposes. Larger particles would tend to settle to the earth more quickly.
The particles in the required size range can be obtained with conventional methods of grinding and meshing.
It is believed that the number of particles n d per unit area in the particle layer should be defined by Equation 18: n d 1?1/? abs (18)
where 1 is the thickness of the particle layer and ? abs is the absorption coefficient of the particles at the long IR wavelengths. One crude estimate of the density of particles is given by Equation (19): n d 1?(cmw)/(4?e 2 ) (19)
where c is the speed of light, m is the average particle mass, e is the electron charge, and w is the absorption line width in sec -1 .
The greenhouse gases are typically in the earth's stratosphere at an altitude of seven to thirteen kilometers. This suggests that the particle seeding should be done at an altitude on the order of 10 kilometers. The particles may be seeded by dispersal from seeding aircraft; one exemplary technique may be via the jet fuel as suggested by prior work regarding the metallic particles. Once the tiny particles have been dispersed into the atmosphere, the particles may remain in suspension for up to one year.
It is understood that the above-described embodiment is merely illustrative of the possible specific embodiments which may represent principles of the present invention. Other arrangements may readily be devised in accordance with these principles by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention.
The holmestead.ca link, see above, goes into greater detail about what happened in Espanola. This was in 1999.
ESPANOLA, ONTARIO RESIDENTS PROTEST SPRAYING Residents describe “frequent spraying” over Espanola, Ontario. In Espanola, where spray sometimes falls as visible, flesh-stinging particles thick as snow, lab tests of rainwater falling through extensive chemtrail plumes reveals levels of aluminum seven-times higher than existing provincial safety limits for drinking water.
Microscopic quartz particles predominate in the Ontario chemtrail analysis, with one fallout sample taken from a car windshield showing an 80% quartz component. Used by Nikola Tesla in his high-energy experiments, the electrical properties of quartz raises speculation that the chemtrails laid down over Espanola may have been connected with HAARP.
By July, mounting public pressure compels the provincial Ministry of Environment to dispatch an air monitoring van. At a raucous August 10 town meeting, environment officials pronounce the air “safe”-but reportedly refuse to make public the actual air sampling analysis. On August 29, 1999, CBC Newsworld reports from Espanola: “Residents of a small town west of Sudbury, Ontario are anxious. They think they're getting sick, and they think they know why. It involves the U.S. military, the government and strange planes overhead.”
The US Air Force denies flying its planes over Espanola. Residents counter with eyewitness reports and photos of USAF tankers spreading broad white plumes over the region. Canada's national news network notes, “Tempers at the Espanola town council run high. Residents want to know what's flying over their community. Shelly Jordan thinks strange planes might be making her kids sick…In fact, many in the community have reported respiratory problems and strange aches and pains. Town council heard that some believe military jets are dropping material over the town as part of a weather experiment.”
Provincial lab analysis find traces of mica and large quantities of highly reflective quartz grains. The lab does not classify any of the 1600 molds/fungi found in the rainwater, reporting only that “no one species was dominant.”
The level of aluminum in the chemtrail-contaminated sample is .53 (ppm): 7-times over the previous “safe” threshold set by the Ontario government for drinking water.
One resident notices “a lot of depressed people in Espanola.”
In addition, “A lot of people here in town are complaining of short term memory loss.” People can't remember simple errands, or where they parked their cars. It's become, he added without humor, “a running joke.”
Blaming the chemtrail spraying for widespread respiratory problems and strange aches and pains that were suddenly endemic over a 50 mile area, more than 550 residents of this small Ontario community petitioned to parliament to “ban all cloud-seeding activity by civil or military aircraft, foreign or domestic.”
November 18
“AIRCRAFT EMISSIONS” PETITION TABLED IN CANADIAN HOUSE OF COMMONS On behalf of his Ontario constituents, Member of Parliament Gordon Earle tells the House of Commons: “The petitioners call upon parliament to repeal any law that would permit the dispersal of military chaff or of any cloud-seeding substance whatsoever by domestic or foreign military aircraft without the informed consent of the citizens of Canada thus affected.”
The Department of National Defense eventually replies: “It's not us.”
I'm not necessarily questioning the reasons for or of the chemtrails, as I don't know anything about the science.
However, even propeller planes, flying very high, have been leaving long vapour or chemtrails, back in the mid 30s in Europe. Saw them many times.
During the terror bombing of Europe in WW2 the masses of planes have been leaving a cloud cover over the areas they were flying.
I have also seen daily trails left by planes in Eastern England when we were living in the Cambridge area in the early 50s.
Right now we live under the daily flight paths of USAF bombers here in Central BC, sometimes up to a dozen a day. On some days they leave trails that persist for a long time and turn into long clouds. Other times, like yesterday, the trail is only for a short distance behind the plane, on many occasions no trails at all.
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Stumble It!
If you can't breath, elections and other agreements don't really matter much now do they?
Consider this
You have to go to the forum to be able to see the video, I don't know why, I guess it is some type of software deficiency.
I have had persistent respiratory problems for 2 years, in spite of being in good health. So many more than ever before have asthma and other problems that are attributed to "allergies."
If you have some info that proves otherwise, please bring it forward, and we'll all be able to move on with our lives.
One cannot prove a negative. Show me conclusive proof that `chemtrails` exist first.
Start with how these chemicals get into jet aircraft fuel, and how the turbines don`t choke when dispersing these chemicals. Once you realize it`s impossible, you can get on with your life.
Have a gander at this site for more info and documentation
http://www.holmestead.ca/index-ct.html
This page has a "Chemtrails" - Spreading Trail Identification System:
http://www.holmestead.ca/chemtrails/spreading.html
comes with: a link to a flight tracking site so that you can tell whether the flight is commercial or not, a link to the NWS (National Weather Service) Upper Air Sounding Data so you can tell the temp at various altitudes, a link to the NOAA Aviation Weather Icing site so you can rule out Clear Air Ice Saturation phenomena. It also explains the whys and wherefores thereof.
Sue, BC is getting hammered today like it's going out of style. If the sky is clear over your head take a look from time to time and you'll observe the spraying.
Carole Pellatt has a timeline called Connections on her site http://www.carolepellatt.com/
Try searching geoengineering if you don't like the term chemtrails.
They don't get into jet aircraft fuel, they don't go through the engines.
Then how? Where are the 'sprayers'? Where are the tanks holding the chemicals? Who fills the tanks up when on the ground?
Do some investigation with a telescope or pair of binoculars, then you will have your answer.
My telescope or binoculars don't do chemical analysis.
They spray almost everyday. Look at the sky a couple of times a day if you can see it from the concrete jungle.
Who is 'they'? I can see the sky quite clearly.
Caleb, you're getting a day off from spraying over Edmonton, take a peek at the map: http://www.owsweather.com/chemalert.jpg
Every day is a day off from 'spraying', as there is no such thing. What a coincidence that there is 'no spraying' today over Edmonton, and we have an arctic high dominating the weather (28% RH).
http://www.weatheroffice.gc.ca/city/pag ... ric_e.html
Hmmmmm. I wonder if that is related.
http://www.flightplanning.navcanada.ca/ ... peDoc=html
Sue, BC is getting hammered today like it's going out of style. If the sky is clear over your head take a look from time to time and you'll observe the spraying.
Tell me, where are the spray nozzles on this fighter?
con-sndbar.jpg
Caleb, you're getting a day off from spraying over Edmonton, take a peek at the map: http://www.owsweather.com/chemalert.jpg
Here, I'm letting you get back to your life.
Notice here how the Infrared Satellite photo (current) is unusually similar to your 'chemtrail' spraying region (current).
Chem-IR-SatPhoto.jpg
Chem-AlertPhoto.jpg
I'd even put $5 that it's the same everyday.
United States Patent 3899144
Abstract:
Light scattering pigment powder particles, surface treated to minimize inparticle cohesive forces, are dispensed from a jet mill deagglomerator as separate single particles to produce a powder contrail having maximum visibility or radiation scattering ability for a given weight material.
Inventors:
Werle, Donald K. (Hillside, IL)
Kasparas, Romas (Riverside, IL)
Katz, Sidney (Chicago, IL)
Application Number:
05/490610
Publication Date:
08/12/1975
Filing Date:
07/22/1974
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Export Citation:
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Assignee:
The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Navy (Washington, DC)
Primary Class:
244/136
Other Classes:
241/5, 116/214, 40/213
International Classes:
B64D1/16; B64D1/00; B64D1/16
Field of Search:
244/136 40/213 241/5,29 222/3,4 239/171 116/28R,114R,114F,114N,124R,124B,124C
US Patent References:
1619183 Process of producing smoke clouds from moving
aircraft March 1927 Bradner et al.
2045865 Skywriting apparatus June 1936 Morey
2591988 Production of tio2 pigments April 1952 Willcox
3531310 PRODUCTION OF IMPROVED METAL OXIDE PIGMENT September 1970 Goodspeed et al.
Primary Examiner:
Blix, Trygve M.
Assistant Examiner:
Kelmachter, Barry L.
Attorney, Agent or Firm:
Sciascia St., Richard Amand Joseph S. M.
Claims:
What is claim is
1. Contrail generation apparatus for producing a powder contrail having maximum radiation scattering ability for a given weight material, comprising:
2. Apparatus as in claim 1 wherein said jet tube means is a ram air jet tube.
3. Apparatus as in claim 1 wherein an upstream deflector baffle is provided at the output of said deagglomeration means into said jet tube means to produce a venturi effect for minimizing back pressure on said powder feeding means.
4. Apparatus as in claim 1 wherein said deagglomerator means comprises:
5. Apparatus as in claim 4 wherein pressurized gas means is provided for operating said deagglomeration means.
6. Apparatus as in claim 1 wherein said radiation scattering powder particles are titanium dioxide pigment having a median particle size of about 0.3 microns.
7. Apparatus as in claim 1 wherein said radiation scattering powder particles have a coating of extremely fine hydrophobic colloidal silica thereon to minimize interparticle cohesive forces.
8. Apparatus as in claim 1 wherein the formulation of said powder consists of 85% by weight of TiO2 pigment of approximately 0.3 micron media particle size, 10% by weight of colloidal silica of 0.007 micron primary particle size, and 5% by weight of silica gel having an average particle size of 4.5 microns.
9. The method of producing a light radiation scattering contrail, comprising:
10. A method as in claim 9 wherein said light scattering powder particles is titanium dioxide pigment.
11. A method as in claim 9 wherein said powder particles are treated with a coating of extremely fine hydrophobic colloidal silica to minimize interparticle cohesive forces.
12. A method as in claim 11 wherein said treated powder particles are further protected with a silica gel powder.
Description:
BACKGROUND
The present invention relates to method and apparatus for contrail generation and the like.
An earlier known method in use for contrail generation involves oil smoke trails produced by injecting liquid oil directly into the hot jet exhaust of an aircraft target vehicle. The oil vaporizes and recondenses being the aircraft producing a brilliant white trail. Oil smoke trail production requires a minimum of equipment; and, the material is low in cost and readily available. However, oil smoke requires a heat source to vaporize the liquid oil and not all aircraft target vehicles, notably towed targets, have such a heat source. Also, at altitudes above about 25,000 feet oil smoke visibility degrades rapidly.
SUMMARY
The present invention is for a powder generator requiring no heat source to emit a "contrail" with sufficient visibility to aid in visual acquisition of an aircraft target vehicle and the like. The term "contrail" was adopted for convenience in identifying the visible powder trail of this invention. Aircraft target vehicles are used to simulate aerial threats for missile tests and often fly at altitudes between 5,000 and 20,000 feet at speeds of 300 and 400 knots or more. The present invention is also suitable for use in other aircraft vehicles to generate contrails or reflective screens for any desired purpose.
The powder contail generator is normally carried on an aircraft in a pod containing a ram air tube and powder feed hopper. Powder particles, surface treated to minimize interparticle cohesive forces are fed from the hopper to a deagglomerator and then to the ram air tube for dispensing as separate single particles to produce a contrail having maximum visibility for a given weight material.
Other object, advantages and novel features of the invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of the invention when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawing.
DESCRIPTION OF DRAWING
FIG. 1 is a schematic sectional side-view of a powder contrail generator of the present invention.
DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
The powder contail generator in pod 10, shown in FIG. 1, is provided with a powder feed hopper 12 positioned in the center section of the pod and which feeds a powder 13 to a deagglomerator 14 by means of screw conveyors 16 across the bottom of the hopper. The deagglomerator 14 produces two stages of action. In the first stage of deagglomeration, a shaft 18 having projecting radial rods 19 in compartment 20 is rotated by an air motor 21, or other suitable drive means. The shaft 18 is rotated at about 10,000 rpm, for example. As powder 13 descends through the first stage compartment 20 of the deagglomeration chamber, the hammering action of rotating rods 19 serves to aerate and precondition the powder before the second stage of deagglomeration takes place in the jet mill section 22. In the jet mill 22, a plurality of radial jets 24 (e.g., six 0.050 inch diamter radial jets) direct nitrogen gas (at e.g., 120 psig) inward to provide energy for further deagglomeration of the powder. The N 2 , or other suitable gas, is provided from storage tanks 25 and 26, for example, in the pod.
The jet mill 22 operates in a similar manner to commercial fluid energy mills except that there is no provision for recirculation of oversize particles. Tests with the deagglomerator show that at a feed rate of approximately 11/2 lb/min, treated titanium dioxide powder pigment is effectively dispersed as single particles with very few agglomerates evident.
The nitrogen gas stored in cylinder tanks 25 and 26 is charged to 1800 psig, for example. Two stages of pressure reduction, for example, by pressure reduction valves 28 and 29, bring the final delivery pressure at the radial jets 24 and to the air motor 21 to approximately 120 psig. A solenoid valve 30 on the 120 psig line is connected in parallel with the electric motor 32 which operates the powder feeder screws 16 for simultaneous starting and running of the powder feed, the air motor and the jet mill deagglomerator.
Air enters ram air tube 34 at its entrance 35 and the exhaust from the jet mill deagglomerator passes directly into the ram air tube. At the deagglomerator exhaust 36 into ram air tube 34, an upstream deflector baffle 38 produces a venturi effect which minimizes back pressure on the powder feed system. The powder is then jetted from the exhaust end 40 of the ram air tube to produce a contrail. A pressure equalization tube, not shown, can be used to connect the top of the closed hopper 12 to the deagglomeration chamber 14. A butterfly valve could be provided at the powder hopper outlet 39 to completely isolate and seal off the powder supply when not in use. Powder 13 could then be stored in hopper 12 for several weeks, without danger of picking up excessive moisture, and still be adequately dispensed.
Preparation of the light scatter powder 13 is of a critical importance to production of a powder "contrail" having maximum visibility for a given weight of material. It is essential that the pigment powder particles be dispensed as separate single particles rather than as agglomerates of two or more particles. The powder treatment produces the most easily dispersed powder through the use of surface treatments which minimize interparticle cohesive forces.
Titanium dioxide pigment was selected as the primary light scattering material because of its highly efficient light scattering ability and commercially available pigment grades. Titanium dioxide pigment (e.g., DuPont R--931) with a median particle size of about 0.3? has a high bulk density and is not readily aerosolizable as a submicron cloud without the consumption of a large amount of deagglomeration energy. In order to reduce the energy requirement for deagglomeration, the TiO 2 powder is specially treated with a hydrophobic colloidal silica which coats and separates the individual TiO 2 pigment particles. The extremely fine particulate nature (0.007? primary particle size) of Cobot S--101 Silanox grade, for example, of colloidal silica minimizes the amount needed to coat and separate the TiO 2 particles, and the hydrophobic surface minimizes the affinity of the powder for absorbtion of moisture from the atmosphere. Adsorbed moisture in powders causes liquid bridges at interparticle contacts and it then becomes necessary to overcome the adsorbed-liquid surface tension forces as well as the weaker Van der Waals' forces before the particles can be separated.
The Silanox treated titanium dioxide pigment is further protected from the deleterious effects of adsorbed moisture by incorporation of silica gel. The silica gel preferentially adsorbs water vapor that the powder may be exposed to after drying and before use. The silica gel used is a powder product, such as Syloid 65 from the W. R Grace and Co., Davison Chemical Division, and has an average particle size about 4.5? and a large capacity for moisture at low humidities.
A typical powder composition used is shown in Table 1. This formulation was blended intimately with a Patterson-Kelley Co. twin shell dry LB-model LB--2161 with intensifier. Batches of 1500 g were blended for 15 min. each and packaged in 5-lb cans. The bulk density of the blended powder is 0.22 g/cc. Since deagglomeration is facilitated by having the powder bone dry, the powder should be predried before sealing the cans. In view of long periods (e.g., about 4 months) between powder preparation and use it is found preferable to spread the powder in a thin layer in an open container and place in a 400°F over two days before planned usage. The powder is removed and placed in the hopper about 2 hours before use.
Table 1 ______________________________________ CONTRAIL POWDER FORMULATION Ingredient % by Weight ______________________________________ TiO 2 (e.g., DuPont R-931) 85 median particle size 0.3? Colloidal Silica (e.g., Cabot S-101 Silanox) 10 primary particle size 0.007? Silica gel (e.g., Syloid 65) 5 average particle size 4.5? ______________________________________
Other type powder compositions can also be used with the apparatus described herein. For example, various powder particles which reflect electromagnetic radiation can be dispensed as a chaff or the like from the contrail generator.
Obviously many modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in the light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described.
Looks like I was wrong about not doing the mixing in the engines, thanks for making me look harder Doc.This patent is from 1991
Title:
Stratospheric Welsbach seeding for reduction of global warming
Document Type and Number:
United States Patent 5003186
Abstract:
A method is described for reducing atmospheric or global warming resulting from the presence of heat-trapping gases in the atmosphere, i.e., from the greenhouse effect. Such gases are relatively transparent to sunshine, but absorb strongly the long-wavelength infrared radiation released by the earth. The method incudes the step of seeding the layer of heat-trapping gases in the atmosphere with particles of materials characterized by wavelength-dependent emissivity. Such materials include Welsbach materials and the oxides of metals which have high emissivity (and thus low reflectivities) in the visible and 8-12 micron infrared wavelength regions.
Inventors:
Chang, David B. (Tustin, CA)
Shih, I-fu (Los Alamitos, CA)
Application Number:
07/513145
Publication Date:
03/26/1991
Filing Date:
04/23/1990
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5003186 pdf
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Referenced by:
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Export Citation:
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Assignee:
Hughes Aircraft Company (Los Angeles, CA)
Primary Class:
250/505.100
Other Classes:
244/158.100, 250/504R, 250/503.100
International Classes:
A01G15/00; G21K1/00
Field of Search:
250/505.1, 250/504R, 250/503.1, 250/493.1, 244/136, 244/158R
US Patent References:
3222675 Means for positioning a plurality of elements in
orbit about a celestial body December, 1965 Schwartz 244/158
4755673 Selective thermal radiators July, 1988 Pollack et al. 250/330
Primary Examiner:
Berman, Jack I.
Attorney, Agent or Firm:
Sales, Michael W.
Denson-low, Wanda
Claims:
What is claimed is:
1. A method of reducing atmospheric warming due to the greenhouse effect resulting from a layer of gases in the atmosphere which absorb strongly near infrared wavelength radiation, comprising the step of dispersing tiny particles of a material within the gases' layer, the particle material characterized by wavelength-dependent emissivity or reflectivity, in that said material has high emissivities with respect to radiation in the visible and far infrared wavelength spectra, and low emissivity in the near infrared wavelength spectrum, whereby said tiny particles provide a means for converting infrared heat energy into far infrared radiation which is radiated into space.
2. The method of claim wherein said material comprises one or more of the oxides of metals.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein said material comprises aluminum oxide.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein said material comprises thorium oxide.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein said particles are dispersed by seeding the stratosphere with a quantity of said particles at altitudes in the range of seven to thirteen kilometers above the earth's surface.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein the size of said particles is in the range of ten to one hundred microns.
7. The method of claim wherein said material comprises a refractory material.
8. The method of claim 1 wherein said material is a Welsbach material.
9. The method of claim 1 wherein the number of said dispersed particles per unit area in the particle layer is greater than or equal to 1/?abs 1, where 1 is the thickness of the particle layer and ?abs is the absorption coefficient of the particles at the far infrared wavelengths.
10. A method for reducing atmospheric warming due to the greenhouse effect resulting from a greenhouse gases layer, comprising the following step:
seeding the greenhouse gases' layer with a quantity of tiny particles of a material characterized by wavelength-dependent emissivity or reflectivity, in that said materials have high emissivities in the visible and far infrared wavelength spectra and low emissivity in the near infrared wavelength spectrum,
whereby said particles are suspended within said gases' layer and provide a means for converting radiative energy at near infrared wavelengths into radiation at the far infrared wavelengths, permitting some of the converted radiation to escape into space.
11. The method of claim 10 wherein said material comprises one or more of the oxides of metals.
12. The method of claim 10 wherein said material comprises aluminum oxide.
13. The method of claim 10 wherein said material is thorium oxide.
14. The method of claim 10 wherein said seeding is performed at altitudes in the range of seven to thirteen kilometers above the earth's surface.
15. The method of claim 10 wherein said material comprises a refractory material.
16. The method of claim 10 wherein said particle size is in range of ten to one hundred microns.
17. The method of claim 10 wherein said material is a Welsbach material.
18. The method of claim 10 wherein the number of said dispersed particles per unit area in the particle layer is greater than or equal to 1/?abs 1, where 1 is the thickness of the particle layer and ?abs is the absorption coefficient of the particles at the far infrared wavelengths.
Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to a method for the reduction of global warming resulting from the greenhouse effect, and in particular to a method which involves the seeding of the earth's stratosphere with Welsbach-like materials.
Global warming has been a great concern of many environmental scientists. Scientists believe that the greenhouse effect is responsible for global warming. Greatly increased amounts of heat-trapping gases have been generated since the Industrial Revolution. These gases, such as CO 2 , CFC, and methane, accumulate in the atmosphere and allow sunlight to stream in freely but block heat from escaping (greenhouse effect). These gases are relatively transparent to sunshine but absorb strongly the long-wavelength infrared radiation released by the earth.
Most current approaches to reduce global warming are to restrict the release of various greenhouse gases, such as CO 2 , CFC, and methane. These imply the need to establish new regulations and the need to monitor various gases and to enforce the regulations.
One proposed solution to the problem of global warming involves the seeding of the atmosphere with metallic particles. One technique proposed to seed the metallic particles was to add the tiny particles to the fuel of jet airliners, so that the particles would be emitted from the jet engine exhaust while the airliner was at its cruising altitude. While this method would increase the reflection of visible light incident from space, the metallic particles would trap the long wavelength blackbody radiation released from the earth. This could result in net increase in global warming.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a method for reduction of global warming due to the greenhouse effect which permits heat to escape through the atmosphere.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
A method is disclosed for reducing atmospheric warming due to the greenhouse effect resulting from a greenhouse gases layer. The method comprises the step of seeding the greenhouse gas layer with a quantity of tiny particles of materials characterized by wavelength-dependent emissivity or reflectivity, in that said materials have high emissivities in the visible and far infrared wavelength regions and low emissivity in the near infrared wavelength region. Such materials can include the class of materials known as Welsbach materials. The oxides of metal, e.g., aluminum oxide, are also suitable for the purpose. The greenhouse gases layer typically extends between about seven and thirteen kilometers above the earth's surface. The seeding of the stratosphere occurs within this layer. The particles suspended in the stratosphere as a result of the seeding provide a mechanism for converting the blackbody radiation emitted by the earth at near infrared wavelengths into radiation in the visible and far infrared wavelength so that this heat energy may be reradiated out into space, thereby reducing the global warming due to the greenhouse effect.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
These and other features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description of an exemplary embodiment thereof, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 illustrates a model for the heat trapping phenomenon, i.e., the greenhouse effect.
FIG. 2 is a graph illustrating the intensity of sunlight incident on earth and of the earth's blackbody radiation as a function of wavelength.
FIG. 3 is a graph illustrating an ideal emissivity versus wavelength function for the desired particle material.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
FIG. 1 shows a model for the heat-trapping (greenhouse effect) phenomenon. It is assumed that the greenhouse gases are concentrated at altitudes between y=0 (at some altitude Y 1 , above the earth's surface) and y=1. Regardless of the sunshine reflected back into space, i 1 and i 2 denote the shortwavelength sunlight energies that are absorbed by the earth's surface and the greenhouse gases, respectively. Available data shows that i 1 =0.45 i sol and i 2 =0.25 i sol , where i sol is the total flux from the sun. The short wavelength sunlight heats up the greenhouse gases and the earth surface, and this energy is eventually reradiated out in the long wavelength infrared region.
FIG. 2 is a graph illustrating the intensity of sunlight and the earth's blackbody radiation as a function of wavelength. As illustrated, some 30% of the sunlight energy is in the near infrared region. The earth's blackbody radiation, on the other hand, is at the far infrared wavelength.
Referring again to FIG. 1, I s , I + , I - , I g and I e represent the fluxes in the infrared wavelength region, where I s and I g are the fluxes reradiated by the greenhouse gases toward the sky and ground, respectively; I e is the flux reradiated by the earth; and I + and I - are fluxes within the gases radiating toward the space and ground, respectively. I + and I - are functions of y, e.g., I + (0) is the I + flux at y=0. Considering the principles of energy conservation and continuity at boundaries, the following relationships are obtained: I s =i 1 +i 2 (1) I s =I + (1)(1-R l ) (2) I - (1)=I + (1)R l (3) I + (0)=I - (0)R o +I e (1-R o ) (4) I g =I - (0)(1-R o )+I e R o (5) I e =I BB (T e )(1-R)+I g R (6) I e =i 1 +I g (7)
where R o , R l and R are the reflectivities at the y=0 and y=1 boundaries and at the earth's surface. I BB (T e ) is the blackbody radiation flux at the earth's temperature T e . Within the greenhouse gases' layer, the energy equations are (dI + /dy)=I BB (T g )-?I + (8) -(dI - /dy)=I BB (T g )-?I - (9)
where I BB (T g ) is the blackbody radiation flux at the greenhouse gases' temperature T g , and ? is the absorption coefficient of the gases. The solutions of equations 8 and 9 are given by equations 10 and 11: I + (y)=(I BB /?)+Ce ?y (10) I - (y)=(I BB /?)+De + ?y (11)
To illustrate the effects of R o and R l on the green-house effect, the extreme case is considered wherein a high concentration of greenhouse gases has strong absorption in the infrared region; that is, for y=1, e - ?l approaches 0. Then, using Equations 3 and 4, the relationships of Equations 12 and 13 are obtained. C=(I e -(I BB /?))(1-R o ) (12) D=0
From Equations 5 and 7, I e =i 1 +I - (0)(1-R o )+I e R o ,
or I e =(i 1 /(1-R o ))+(I BB /?). (14)
From Equations 2 and 1, I s =(I BB /?)(1-R l )=i 1 +i 2 ,
or (I BB /?)=(i 1 +i 2 )/(1-R l ). (15)
Combining Equations 14 and 15, the relationship of Equation 16 is obtained. I e =i 1 /(1-R o )+(i 1 +i 2 )/(1-R l )(16)
Finally, Equation 6 gives the blackbody radiation from the earth's surface in terms of i 1 and i 2 and the three reflectivities: I e =I BB (T e )(1-R)+(I e -i 1 )R I BB (T e )=I e +(R/(1-R))i 1
or I BB (T e )=i 1 /(1-R o )+(i 1 +i 2 )/(1-R l )+(R/(1-R))i 1 (17)
To achieve a lower temperature of the earth, (considering i 1 , i 2 and R as constants), it is desirable to make R and R l as small as possible.
Known refractory materials have a thermal emissivity function which is strongly wavelength dependent. For example, the materials may have high emissivity (and absorption) at the far infrared wavelengths, high emissivity in the visible wavelength range, and very low emissivity at intermediate wavelengths. If a material having those emissivity characteristics and a black body are exposed to IR energy of equal intensity, the selective thermal radiator will emit visible radiation with higher efficiency (if radiation cooling predominates), i.e., the selective thermal radiator will appear brighter than the black body. This effect is known as the Welsbach effect and is extensively used in commercial gas lantern mantles.
Welsbach materials have the characteristic of wavelength-dependent emissivity (or reflectivity). For example, thorium oxide (ThO 2 ) has high emissivities in the visible and far IR regions but it has low emissivity in the near IR region. So, in accordance with the invention, the layer of greenhouse gases is seeded with Welsbach or Welsbach-like materials which have high emissivities (and thus low reflectivities) in the visible and 8-12 micrometer infrared regions, which has the effect of reducing R o and R l while introducing no effect in the visible range.
A desired material for the stratospheric seeding has a reflection coefficient close to unity for near IR radiation, and a reflection coefficient close to zero (or emissity close to unity) for far IR radiation. FIG. 3 is a graph illustrating an ideal emissivity versus wavelength function for the desired material. Another class of materials having the desired property includes the oxides of metals. For example, aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ) is one metal oxide suitable for the purpose and which is relatively inexpensive.
It is presently believed that particle sizes in the ten to one hundred micron range would be suitable for the seeding purposes. Larger particles would tend to settle to the earth more quickly.
The particles in the required size range can be obtained with conventional methods of grinding and meshing.
It is believed that the number of particles n d per unit area in the particle layer should be defined by Equation 18: n d 1?1/? abs (18)
where 1 is the thickness of the particle layer and ? abs is the absorption coefficient of the particles at the long IR wavelengths. One crude estimate of the density of particles is given by Equation (19): n d 1?(cmw)/(4?e 2 ) (19)
where c is the speed of light, m is the average particle mass, e is the electron charge, and w is the absorption line width in sec -1 .
The greenhouse gases are typically in the earth's stratosphere at an altitude of seven to thirteen kilometers. This suggests that the particle seeding should be done at an altitude on the order of 10 kilometers. The particles may be seeded by dispersal from seeding aircraft; one exemplary technique may be via the jet fuel as suggested by prior work regarding the metallic particles. Once the tiny particles have been dispersed into the atmosphere, the particles may remain in suspension for up to one year.
It is understood that the above-described embodiment is merely illustrative of the possible specific embodiments which may represent principles of the present invention. Other arrangements may readily be devised in accordance with these principles by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention.
ESPANOLA, ONTARIO RESIDENTS PROTEST SPRAYING
Residents describe “frequent spraying” over Espanola, Ontario. In Espanola, where spray sometimes falls as visible, flesh-stinging particles thick as snow, lab tests of rainwater falling through extensive chemtrail plumes reveals levels of aluminum seven-times higher than existing provincial safety limits for drinking water.
Microscopic quartz particles predominate in the Ontario chemtrail analysis, with one fallout sample taken from a car windshield showing an 80% quartz component. Used by Nikola Tesla in his high-energy experiments, the electrical properties of quartz raises speculation that the chemtrails laid down over Espanola may have been connected with HAARP.
By July, mounting public pressure compels the provincial Ministry of Environment to dispatch an air monitoring van. At a raucous August 10 town meeting, environment officials pronounce the air “safe”-but reportedly refuse to make public the actual air sampling analysis. On August 29, 1999, CBC Newsworld reports from Espanola: “Residents of a small town west of Sudbury, Ontario are anxious. They think they're getting sick, and they think they know why. It involves the U.S. military, the government and strange planes overhead.”
The US Air Force denies flying its planes over Espanola. Residents counter with eyewitness reports and photos of USAF tankers spreading broad white plumes over the region. Canada's national news network notes, “Tempers at the Espanola town council run high. Residents want to know what's flying over their community. Shelly Jordan thinks strange planes might be making her kids sick…In fact, many in the community have reported respiratory problems and strange aches and pains. Town council heard that some believe military jets are dropping material over the town as part of a weather experiment.”
Provincial lab analysis find traces of mica and large quantities of highly reflective quartz grains.
The lab does not classify any of the 1600 molds/fungi found in the rainwater, reporting only that “no one species was dominant.”
The level of aluminum in the chemtrail-contaminated sample is .53 (ppm): 7-times over the previous “safe” threshold set by the Ontario government for drinking water.
One resident notices “a lot of depressed people in Espanola.”
In addition, “A lot of people here in town are complaining of short term memory loss.” People can't remember simple errands, or where they parked their cars. It's become, he added without humor, “a running joke.”
Blaming the chemtrail spraying for widespread respiratory problems and strange aches and pains that were suddenly endemic over a 50 mile area, more than 550 residents of this small Ontario community petitioned to parliament to “ban all cloud-seeding activity by civil or military aircraft, foreign or domestic.”
November 18
“AIRCRAFT EMISSIONS” PETITION TABLED IN CANADIAN HOUSE OF COMMONS
On behalf of his Ontario constituents, Member of Parliament Gordon Earle tells the House of Commons: “The petitioners call upon parliament to repeal any law that would permit the dispersal of military chaff or of any cloud-seeding substance whatsoever by domestic or foreign military aircraft without the informed consent of the citizens of Canada thus affected.”
The Department of National Defense eventually replies: “It's not us.”
However, even propeller planes, flying very high, have been leaving long vapour or chemtrails, back in the mid 30s in Europe. Saw them many times.
During the terror bombing of Europe in WW2 the masses of planes have been leaving a cloud cover over the areas they were flying.
I have also seen daily trails left by planes in Eastern England when we were living in the Cambridge area in the early 50s.
Right now we live under the daily flight paths of USAF bombers here in Central BC, sometimes up to a dozen a day. On some days they leave trails that persist for a long time and turn into long clouds. Other times, like yesterday, the trail is only for a short distance behind the plane, on many occasions no trails at all.
Ed Deak.